Numerous studies have investigated the transition of energy systems, focusing on the European electricity system (e.g., Fürsch et al., 2013 van Sluisveld et al., 2015 Napp et al., 2017 Schlachtberger et al., 2018 Göransson et al., 2021). In this context, energy systems modelling is often used to assist decision-making. Extensive policy support is required to achieve this transition. In less than three decades, carbon emissions from the electricity system must be reduced to zero, if the targets proposed for Year 2050 by the European Commission are to be met ( European Commission, 2018). The need for a climate-neutral and circular European economy, consistent with sustainability targets, is a stated priority of the European Union (EU) ( European Commission, 2019). Therefore, this paper represents a starting point and a call to other modellers to expand and refine the list of indicators. The indicators presented here should not be seen as a complete set, but rather as examples. We show that the proposed indicators are useful for facilitating discussions, raising new questions, and relating the modelling results to Sustainable Development Goals and thus facilitate better policy processes. To illustrate its value, the proposed set of indicators is applied to energy system scenarios derived from an electricity system investment model for Northern Europe. We propose a set of 13 indicators related to: 1) the resource and material usages in modelled energy system designs 2) the rates of transition from current to future energy systems and 3) the energy security in energy system modelling results. Such indicators, which are often overlooked in model scenario presentations, can be applied to make the modelling results more accessible and are useful for managing the transition on the policy level, as well as for internal evaluations of modelling results. In this paper, we define indicators, with a focus on the electricity sector, that translate the results of energy systems modelling to quantitative entities that can facilitate assessments of the transitions required to meet stringent climate targets. 2Department of Economics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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